Oakmoss Absolute (Evernia prunastri)
Overview
Oakmoss Absolute may also be referred to as oakmoss lichen or staghorn lichen. It is typically processed using solvent extracted as a method for extracting oil from the moss/lichen.
Summary
Aromatically, Oakmoss Absolute is a base note that possesses a very deep, earthy aroma. Its primary benefit lies within its use as a natural fixative within perfumery and natural fragrancing applications. Within the scope of natural fragrancing, a fixative is an ingredient that helps to stabilize and prolongue the aroma.
Essential Facts
- Aroma Description:
- Common Name(s): oakmoss lichen or staghorn lichen
- Botanical Family: Parmeliaceae
- Botanical Genus: Evernia
- Major Compounds: Methyl B-orcinolcarboxylate, Ethyl Everninate, Ethyl Hematonmate, Ethyl Chlorohematommate
- Perfumery Note: Base
- Consistency: Medium - Thin
- Strength of Initial Aroma: Medium
- Color: Dark Brown
- Processing Methods: Solvent Extracted
- Part Typically Used: Moss/Lichen
Earthy
Rich
Woody-
Vegan
Essential Details
Cautions & Safety
Safety Precautions for Oakmoss Absolute:
Do not take any oils internally and do not apply undiluted essential oils, absolutes, CO2s or other concentrated essences onto the skin without advanced essential oil knowledge or consultation from a qualified aromatherapy practitioner. If you are pregnant, epileptic, have liver damage, have cancer, or have any other medical problem, use oils only under the proper guidance of a qualified aromatherapy practitioner. Use extreme caution when using oils with children and be sure to first read the recommended dilution ratios for children. Consult a qualified aromatherapy practitioner before using oils with children, the elderly, if you have medical issues or are taking medications. For in-depth information on oil safety issues, readEssential Oil Safety by Robert Tisserand and Rodney Young.
Articles
Oakmoss Absolute Articles or Publications:
- PubMed: Magnetic properties and element concentrations in lichens exposed to airborne pollutants released during cement production.
- PubMed: Identification of the Sfp-Type PPTase EppA from the Lichenized Fungus Evernia prunastri.
- PubMed: Heavy element accumulation in Evernia prunastri lichen transplants around a municipal solid waste landfill in central Italy.
- PubMed: Ecophysiological and ultrastructural effects of dust pollution in lichens exposed around a cement plant (SW Slovakia).
- PubMed: Phytase activity in lichens.
- PubMed: Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by lichen transplants: Comparison with gas-phase passive air samplers.
- PubMed: Reduced content of chloroatranol and atranol in oak moss absolute significantly reduces the elicitation potential of this fragrance material.
- PubMed: Estimating atmospheric mercury concentrations with lichens.
- PubMed: Biomonitoring urban air pollution using transplanted lichens: element concentrations across seasons.
- PubMed: Can ammonia tolerance amongst lichen functional groups be explained by physiological responses?
- PubMed: Biological effects of ammonia released from a composting plant assessed with lichens.
- PubMed: Patch testing with serial dilutions and thin-layer chromatograms of oak moss absolutes containing high and low levels of atranol and chloroatranol.
- PubMed: Categorization of fragrance contact allergens for prioritization of preventive measures: clinical and experimental data and consideration of structure-activity relationships.
- PubMed: Results of patch testing with fragrance mix 1, fragrance mix 2, and their ingredients, and Myroxylon pereirae and colophonium, over a 21-year period.
- PubMed: Antigenotoxic potencies of a lichen species, Evernia prunastri.
- PubMed: Evernia prunastri and Pseudoevernia furfuraceae lichens and their major metabolites as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
- PubMed: Physiological response of the epiphytic lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. to ecologically relevant nitrogen concentrations.
- PubMed: Contact sensitization to tree moss (Evernia furfuracea extract, INCI) is heterogeneous.
- PubMed: Assessment of air pollution genotoxicity by RAPD in Evernia prunastri L. Ach. from around iron-steel factory in Karabük, Turkey.
- PubMed: Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of five lichen species.
- PubMed: Contact allergy to the 26 specific fragrance ingredients to be declared on cosmetic products in accordance with the EU cosmetics directive.
- PubMed: Behaviour of different lichen species as biomonitors of air pollution by PAHs in natural ecosystems.
- PubMed: Contact allergy caused by fragrance mix and Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru)--a retrospective study.
- PubMed: Fragrance allergens in 'specific' cosmetic products.
- PubMed: Decrease in air pollution load in urban environment of Bratislava (Slovakia) inferred from accumulation of metal elements in lichens.
- PubMed: Physiological and chemical response of lichens transplanted in and around an industrial area of south Italy: relationship with the lichen diversity.
- PubMed: Accumulation of nitrogen and changes in assimilation pigments of lichens transplanted in an agricultural area.
- PubMed: Contact allergy to fragrances: current patch test results (2005-2008) from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology.
- PubMed: Time- and dose-dependency of the effects of nitrogen pollution on lichens.
- PubMed: The cell recognition model in chlorolichens involving a fungal lectin binding to an algal ligand can be extended to cyanolichens.
- PubMed: Effects of ammonia from livestock farming on lichen photosynthesis.
- PubMed: Lichen compounds restrain lichen feeding by bank voles (Myodes glareolus).
- PubMed: The integrity of lichen cell membrane as a suitable parameter for monitoring biological effects of acute nitrogen pollution.
- PubMed: Do polyamines alter the sensitivity of lichens to nitrogen stress?
- PubMed: Is a low content in atranol/chloroatranol safe in oak moss-sensitized individuals?
- PubMed: Atopic dermatitis and allergic reactions to individual fragrance chemicals.
- PubMed: Studies about the adsorption on lichen Evernia prunastri by enthalpimetric measurements.
- PubMed: Enzymatic production of atranorin: a component of the oak moss absolute by immobilized lichen cells.
- PubMed: Lichens biomonitoring as feasible methodology to assess air pollution in natural ecosystems: combined study of quantitative PAHs analyses and lichen biodiversity in the Pyrenees Mountains.
- PubMed: A biological method to monitor early effects of the air pollution caused by the industrial exploitation of geothermal energy.
- PubMed: Elemental levels in tree-bark and epiphytic-lichen transplants at a mixed environment in mainland Portugal, and comparisons with an in situ lichen.
- PubMed: Frequency of allergic contact dermatitis to isoeugenol is increasing: a review of 3636 patients tested from 2001 to 2005.
- PubMed: Fragrance ingredient labelling in products on sale in the U.K.
- PubMed: Factors to consider for trace element deposition biomonitoring surveys with lichen transplants.
- PubMed: Lichen diversity and lichen transplants as monitors of air pollution in a rural area of central Italy.
- PubMed: A Lichen Lectin Specifically Binds to the alpha-1,4-Polygalactoside Moiety of Urease Located in the Cell Wall of Homologous Algae.
- PubMed: Effects of NO2 and NH3 from road traffic on epiphytic lichens.
- PubMed: Lichen-based biosensor for the determination of benzene and 2-chlorophenol: microcalorimetric and amperometric investigations.
- PubMed: Concanavalin A binds to a mannose-containing ligand in the cell wall of some lichen phycobionts.
- PubMed: Cytochemical location of urease in the cell wall of two different lichen phycobionts.
- PubMed: Secreted arginases from phylogenetically farrelated lichen species act as cross-recognition factors for two different algal cells.
- PubMed: Nitrogen uptake in relation to excess supply and its effects on the lichens Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr.
- PubMed: (22S)-6-O-acetyl-21betaH-hopane-3beta,6beta,22,29-tetrol from oakmoss (Evernia prunastri).
- PubMed: Contact allergy to oak moss: search for sensitizing molecules using combined bioassay-guided chemical fractionation, GC-MS, and structure-activity relationship analysis.
- PubMed: Cyclic-AMP levels in the lichen Evernia prunastri are modulated by light quantity and quality.
- PubMed: Comparative study of the suitability of three lichen species to trace-element air monitoring.
- PubMed: Oak moss extracts in the diagnosis of fragrance contact allergy.
- PubMed: Improvement of the analysis of dansylated derivatives of polyamines and their conjugates by high-performance liquid chromatography.
- PubMed: Separation of polyamines, conjugated to DNA, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
- PubMed: The significance of lichens and their metabolites.
- PubMed: Wind-acclimated thallus morphogenesis in a lichen (Evernia prunastri, Parmeliaceae) probably favored by grazing.
- PubMed: Separation of arginase isoforms by capillary zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in density gradient column.
- PubMed: Effects of ozone fumigation on epiphytic macrolichens: ultrastructure, CO2 gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence.
- PubMed: Heteropolysaccharides of the lichen Evernia prunastri.
- PubMed: Intercomparison of techniques available at INETI in the analysis of two IAEA candidate research materials.
- PubMed: Metal determination by EDXRF in lichens. A contribution to pollutants monitoring.
- PubMed: An unusual glucomannan from Tornabenia intricata.
- PubMed: Preparation of an oakmoss absolute with reduced allergenic potential.
- PubMed: Algal partner regulates fungal urease in the lichen Evernia prunastri by producing a protein which inhibits urease synthesis.
- PubMed: [Antibacterial activity of some lichens from southern Spain].
- PubMed: Purification and characterization of a beta-glucosidase from Evernia prunastri.
- PubMed: High performance liquid chromatography of the dansyl derivatives of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine.
- PubMed: Equivalence between Pfr and Cyclic AMP in the Induction of d-Usnic Acid Dehydrogenase in the Lichen Evernia prunastri.
- PubMed: The occurrence of lichen phenolics in the photobiont cells of Evernia prunastri.
- PubMed: Contact sensitivity to lichens and compositae in Frullania dermatitis.
- PubMed: An improved method to isolate lichen algae by gel filtration.
- PubMed: Purification and Properties of the Constitutive Arginase of Evernia prunastri.
- PubMed: The use of urea by Evernia prunastri thalli.
- PubMed: A Simple Assay Demonstrating the Effect of Rehydration on the Orsellinate Depside Hydrolase Activity of Evernia prunastri.
- PubMed: Extracellular polysaccharidases synthesized by the epiphytic lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.
- PubMed: Endogenous Inactivators of Arginase, l-Arginine Decarboxylase, and Agmatine Amidinohydrolase in Evernia prunastri Thallus.
- PubMed: Two forms of arginase in Evernia prunastri thallus.
- PubMed: Antioxidant properties of wax from Yugoslavian oakmoss (Evernia prunastri).
- PubMed: Contact allergy to atranorin in lichens and perfumes.