Grapefruit Essential Oil (Citrus × aurantium)

Grapefruit Oil isphototoxic. Tisserand and Young recommend a dermal maximum of 4% to avoid risk of phototoxic reaction. Avoid using Grapefruit Oil that has oxidized due to a greater risk of skin sensitization. Reading Tisserand and Young's full profile is recommended. [Robert Tisserand and Rodney Young, Essential Oil Safety (Second Edition. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2014), 297.]

Do not take any oils internally and do not apply undiluted essential oils, absolutes, CO2s or other concentrated essences onto the skin without advanced essential oil knowledge or consultation from a qualified aromatherapy practitioner. If you are pregnant, epileptic, have liver damage, have cancer, or have any other medical problem, use oils only under the proper guidance of a qualified aromatherapy practitioner. Use extreme caution when using oils with children and be sure to first read the recommended dilution ratios for children. Consult a qualified aromatherapy practitioner before using oils with children, the elderly, if you have medical issues or are taking medications. For in-depth information on oil safety issues, read Essential Oil Safety by Robert Tisserand and Rodney Young.

• PubMed: The Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Cold-Pressed and Distilled Essential Oils of Citrus paradisi and Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck.
• PubMed: Citrus peel extract incorporated ice cubes to protect the quality of common pandora: Fish storage in ice with citrus.
• PubMed: Ethylene degreening modulates health promoting phytochemicals in Rio Red grapefruit.
• PubMed: Ultrasound-assisted heating extraction of pectin from grapefruit peel: optimization and comparison with the conventional method.
• PubMed: Green approach for fabrication and applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles.
• PubMed: Effects of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi MACF) (Rutaceae) peel oil against developmental stages of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
• PubMed: Hydrolysis of flavanone glycosides by β-glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus and its application to the production of flavanone aglycones from citrus extracts.
• PubMed: Adsorption of neutral red and malachite green onto grapefruit peel in single and binary systems.
• PubMed: De-novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of Metschnikowia fructicola reveals differences in gene expression following interaction with Penicillium digitatum and grapefruit peel.
• PubMed: Assessing the biosynthetic capabilities of secretory glands in Citrus peel.
• PubMed: Global changes in gene expression of grapefruit peel tissue in response to the yeast biocontrol agent Metschnikowia fructicola.
• PubMed: [Furanocoumarins contents and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitory activities of various processed fruit peel products: outflow of 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin during processing treatment of peel].
• PubMed: Albedo hydrolysis modelling and digestion with reused effluents in the enzymatic peeling process of grapefruits.
• PubMed: Application potential of grapefruit peel as dye sorbent: kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism of crystal violet adsorption.
• PubMed: Targeting excessive free radicals with peels and juices of citrus fruits: grapefruit, lemon, lime and orange.
• PubMed: Minor furanocoumarins and coumarins in grapefruit peel oil as inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 3A4.
• PubMed: Application of time-of-flight near-infrared spectroscopy to fruits: analysis of absorption and scattering conditions of near-infrared radiation using cross-correlation of the time-resolved profile.
• PubMed: Effect of Citrus paradisi extract and juice on arterial pressure both in vitro and in vivo.
• PubMed: In vitro interactions with repeated grapefruit juice administration--to peel or not to peel?
• PubMed: Induction of Resistance to Penicillium digitatum in Grapefruit by the Yeast Biocontrol Agent Candida oleophila.
• PubMed: Fumigant toxicity of citrus oils against cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).
• PubMed: A New coumarin from Citrus paradisi Macf.
• PubMed: Effect of adding extracted hesperetin, naringenin and pectin on egg cholesterol, serum traits and antioxidant activity in laying hens.
• PubMed: Antagonistic effects of the endophytic fungus Meira geulakonigii on the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora.
• PubMed: Organic vs conventionally grown Rio Red whole grapefruit and juice: comparison of production inputs, market quality, consumer acceptance, and human health-bioactive compounds.
• PubMed: Radical scavenging and cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitory activity of bergaptol and geranylcoumarin from grapefruit.
• PubMed: Effect of heat treatment on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of citrus peel extract.
• PubMed: Long aculeus and behavior of Anastrepha ludens render gibberellic acid ineffective as an agent to reduce 'ruby red' grapefruit susceptibility to the attack of this pestiferous fruit fly in commercial groves.
• PubMed: Hydrolysis of grapefruit peel waste with cellulase and pectinase enzymes.
• PubMed: Nonvolatiles of commercial lime and grapefruit oils separated by high-speed countercurrent chromatography.
• PubMed: [Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of flour of orange (Citrus sinensis), tangerine (Citrus reticulata) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) peels cultivated in Venezuela].
• PubMed: Volatile constituents of redblush grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and pummelo (Citrus grandis) peel essential oils from Kenya.
• PubMed: Supercritical fluid extraction of naringin from the peel of Citrus paradisi.
• PubMed: Characterization of the wound-induced material in Citrus paradisi fruit peel by carbon-13 CP-MAS solid state NMR spectroscopy.
• PubMed: Identification of epoxybergamottin as a CYP3A4 inhibitor in grapefruit peel.
• PubMed: Identification of a grapefruit cDNA belonging to a unique class of citrus dehydrins and characterization of its expression patterns under temperature stress conditions.
• PubMed: Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients.
• PubMed: Ultraviolet C irradiation at 0.5 kJ.m(-)(2) reduces decay without causing damage or affecting postharvest quality of star ruby grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.).
• PubMed: Insecticidal properties of citrus oils against Culex pipiens and Musca domestica.
• PubMed: The expression of a grapefruit gene encoding an isoflavone reductase-like protein is induced in response to UV irradiation.
• PubMed: Influence of CaCl(2) on Penicillium digitatum, Grapefruit Peel Tissue, and Biocontrol Activity of Pichia guilliermondii.
• PubMed: Sucrose synthase and invertase in isolated vascular bundles.
• PubMed: Sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in transport tissues and adjacent sink structures in developing citrus fruit.
• PubMed: [The antioxidant activity of citrus fruit peels].
• PubMed: Autoinhibition of Ethylene Production in Citrus Peel Discs : SUPPRESSION OF 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHESIS.
• PubMed: Composition, ultrastructure and function of the cutin- and suberin-containing layers in the leaf, fruit peel, juice-sac and inner seed coat of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfed.).
• PubMed: Effect of gamma radiation on the synthesis of scopoletin and scopolin in grapefruit peel in relation to radiation damage.
• PubMed: Ethylene-controlled Induction of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase in Citrus Fruit Peel.
• PubMed: Studies on phytosterol biosynthesis. The presence of 4-alpha,14-alpha-dimethyl-delta-8,24(28)-ergostadien-3-beta-ol in grapefruit peel and its co-occurrece with cycloeucalenol in higher plant tissues.
• PubMed: A new coumarin from grapefruit peel oil.
• PubMed: The preparation and evaluation of grapefruit peel tincture and grapefruit syrup.